Clinical features of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: an oral pathologist's perspective

Abstract The clinicopathological features that precisely characterize oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) still represent a challenge. The aim of the present study was to analyze, from an oral pathologist perspective, the clinical features from OLP and OLL. Specimens fullfilling the histological criteria for OLP and OLL, and also compatible with OLP (OLP-C), were selected and clinical information was retrieved from the laboratory forms. The final sample was composed by 221 cases, including 119 OLP (53.8%), 65 OLP-C (29.4%) and 37 OLL (16.7%). Females were more affected in the three groups, but the number of males was higher in OLL. Mean age was lower in OLP (52.3 years) in comparison with OLL (57.9 years) (p=0.020). Buccal mucosa and tongue involvement was more frequent in OLP; gingival involvement was uncommon in OLL. The reticular pattern was more frequently found in OLP, while the association of reticular and atrophic/erosive/ulcerated patterns was more common in OLP-C and OLL (p=0.025). In conclusion, gender and mean age of the patients, and anatomical location and clinical manifestation of OLL are different from OLP, and could help to better characterize this group of conditions. Specimens diagnosed as OLP-C showed clinical parameters close to OLP.

Resumo Os achados clinico-patológicos que caracterizam de forma precisa o líquen plano oral (LPO) e as lesões liquenoides orais (LLO) ainda representam um desafio. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar, pela perspectiva do patologista oral, os achados clínicos do LPO e das LLO. Espécimes preenchendo os critérios histológicos para o diagnóstico de LPO e LLO, e também aqueles compatíveis com LPO (LPO-C), foram selecionados e as informações clínicas foram obtidas a partir das requisições laboratoriais. A amostra final foi composta de 221 casos, incluindo 119 LPO (53.8%), 65 LPO-C (29.4%) e 37 LLO (16.7%). As mulheres foram mais acometidas nos três grupos, mas o número de homens acometidos foi maior nas LLO. A média de idade foi menor no LPO (52.3 anos) em comparação com as LLO (57.9 anos) (p=0.020). O envolvimento da mucosa jugal e da língua foi mais frequente no LPO; o envolvimento gingival foi incomum nas LLO. O padrão reticular foi mais frequentemente encontrado no LPO, enquanto a associação dos padrões reticular e atrófico/erosivo/ulcerado foi mais comum no LPO-C e nas LLO (p=0.025). Em conclusão, o gênero e a média de idade dos pacientes, assim como a localização anatômica e a manifestação clínica das LLO são diferentes do LPO, e podem ajudar a melhor caracterizar este grupo de condições. Espécimes diagnosticados como LPO-C mostraram parâmetros clínicos mais próximos ao LPO.

Ameloblastomas mimicking apical periodontitis: a case series

Background: Ameloblastomas are benign odontogenic tumors that can eventually mimic the clinical and radiological features of apical periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical, radiological andhistological characteristics from a series of ameloblastomas mimicking apical periodontitis diagnosed in a 14-yearperiod.Material and Methods: all cases histologically diagnosed as ameloblastomas from 2005 to 2018 presenting aclinical diagnosis of periapical lesion of endodontic origin were selected for the study. Clinical, radiological andhistological characteristics from all cases were tabulated and descriptively and comparatively analyzed.Results: Twenty cases composed the final sample, including 18 solid and 2 unicystic ameloblastomas. Mean age ofthe affected patients was in the fifth decade with predilection for males (72%). The most common anatomical location was the posterior mandible (55%) and most cases presented a radiolucent unilocular (80%) well-defined (95%)image. Most cases were asymptomatic, but the presence of local swelling and bone cortical rupture were common.Conclusions: Ameloblastomas mimicking periapical lesions of endodontic origin are mostly diagnosed in adultmales as well-defined radiolucent unilocular lesions producing local swelling and bone cortical rupture. (AU)

Clinical features of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: an oral pathologist's perspective.

The clinicopathological features that precisely characterize oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) still represent a challenge. The aim of the present study was to analyze, from an oral pathologist perspective, the clinical features from OLP and OLL. Specimens fullfilling the histological criteria for OLP and OLL, and also compatible with OLP (OLP-C), were selected and clinical information was retrieved from the laboratory forms. The final sample was composed by 221 cases, including 119 OLP (53.8%), 65 OLP-C (29.4%) and 37 OLL (16.7%). Females were more affected in the three groups, but the number of males was higher in OLL. Mean age was lower in OLP (52.3 years) in comparison with OLL (57.9 years) (p=0.020). Buccal mucosa and tongue involvement was more frequent in OLP; gingival involvement was uncommon in OLL. The reticular pattern was more frequently found in OLP, while the association of reticular and atrophic/erosive/ulcerated patterns was more common in OLP-C and OLL (p=0.025). In conclusion, gender and mean age of the patients, and anatomical location and clinical manifestation of OLL are different from OLP, and could help to better characterize this group of conditions. Specimens diagnosed as OLP-C showed clinical parameters close to OLP.

Nonendodontic periapical lesions: a retrospective descriptive study in a Brazilian population / Lesiones periapicales no endodóncicas: un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en una población brasileña

Background: Several nonendodontic diseases can occur in the periapical region, resembling endodontic inflamma-tory conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of nonendodontic periapicallesions diagnosed in a Brazilian population.Material and Methods: The files of two Oral Pathology laboratories were reviewed and all cases including at least oneclinical diagnosis of endodontic periapical lesions were selected for the study. After initial selection, demographicand clinical data, clinical diagnosis and final diagnosis were reviewed and tabulated. Final diagnosis included endo-dontic periapical lesions, and benign and malignant nonendodontic periapical lesions. Data were descriptively andcomparatively analyzed among the three groups, with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05).Results: Nonendodontic periapical lesions were identified in 208 (19%) out of the 1.125 registries included in the finalsample. Benign nonendodontic periapical lesions (200 cases, 18%) were mostly odontogenic keratocysts, amelo-blastomas, nasopalatine cysts, dentigerous cysts, glandular odontogenic cysts, and benign fibroosseous lesions. Ma-lignant nonendodontic periapical lesions (8 cases, 1%) included carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and melanoma. Ingeneral, nonendodontic periapical lesions were more common in males and in the posterior mandible (p>0.05).Conclusions: The frequency of nonendodontic periapical lesions was high and, although the general distribution wassimilar to the results from other populations, some features were probably associated with the profile of the studied pop-ulations and to the methods applied in the present study. Knowledge on differential diagnosis of endodontic and nonen-dodontic periapical lesions is essential to avoid unnecessary treatments and diagnostic delay in routine dental practice.(AU)

Idiopathic Bone Cavity: Clinicopathologic Features from a Case Series with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic bone cavity (IBC) is an uncommon bone lesion that usually affects youngsters as an unilocular radiolucency with predilection for the posterior mandible. Because the lesion is frequently located in proximity to the adjacent teeth, chronic apical periodontitis is commonly included as a differential diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical and radiologic features of a series of IBCs diagnosed in a single service. METHODS: All cases diagnosed as IBC were retrieved from the files of an oral pathology laboratory, and the clinical and radiologic characteristics were described with a focus on the differential diagnosis with chronic apical periodontitis. RESULTS: Thirty cases composed the final sample. The mean age of the affected patients was 22 years old; there was no sex predilection, and most lesions were located on the posterior (47%) and anterior (43%) mandible. Most lesions presented as unilocular radiolucencies (87%), and 90% were located in close association with the adjacent teeth. The associated teeth presented no endodontic involvement, and all proved to be vital. CONCLUSIONS: IBC usually affects young patients as an unilocular radiolucency in close association with the adjacent teeth. Careful radiologic analysis and vitality tests of the adjacent teeth are essential to rule out chronic apical periodontitis, thus avoiding any unnecessary endodontic treatment.

Análise clínico-patológica e qualitativa da expressão de mediadores inflamatórios teciduais no líquen plano oral / Clinicopathological and qualitative analysis of the expression of tissue inflammatory mediators in oral lichen planus

O líquen plano oral (LPO) é uma condição imuno-inflamatória mucocutânea crônica que ainda possui etiologia e patogênese desconhecidas. Estudos mostrando a participação de citocinas no LPO, em especial, interleucinas (IL)-6, IL-17 e IL-18, são escassos, assim como a correlação das características clínicas e histológicas das lesões de LPO com a presença destes mediadores inflamatórios. Todas as lesões de LPO e de lesões liquenoides orais (LLO) foram revisadas a partir do arquivo do laboratório de Patologia Bucal da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e as características clínico-patológicas dos casos foram analisadas. Foram selecionados 40 casos de LPO para realização adicional de reações imuno-histoquímicas para IL-6, IL-17 e IL-18. A amostra total foi composta por 221 casos e mostrou que o LPO apresentou predileção por mulheres adultas, mais frequentemente acometidas pelo padrão reticular e com lesões localizadas predominantemente na mucosa jugal. Os 40 casos selecionados para a avaliação imuno-histoquímica incluíram pacientes com média de idade de 53 anos, sem predileção por gênero, e com lesões localizadas preferencialmente na mucosa jugal (85%), na gengiva/mucosa alveolar (47%) e na língua (42%). Quanto ao padrão clínico, 14 pacientes (35%) mostravam lesões exclusivamente reticulares e 26 (65%) mostravam lesões reticulares associadas a lesões atrófico-erosivas. Sintomas foram relatados por 53% dos pacientes e incluíram principalmente ardência e desconforto local. A análise histológica mostrou que o epitélio das lesões mostrava espessura normal, atrófica ou hiperplásica em, respectivamente, 17 (43%), 9 (22%) e 14 (35%) casos. A presença de hiperqueratose foi observada em 21 casos (53%) e exocitose de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ estava presente em, respectivamente, 17 (42%) e 30 (75%) casos. A análise imuno-histoquímica revelou que a IL-6 foi, de forma geral, a mais expressa, tanto no epitélio, quanto no conjuntivo. A expressão de IL-17 se mostrou intensa no tecido conjuntivo, em 40% dos casos. A IL-18 mostrou intensidade mais frequente leve/moderada tanto no epitélio (40%), quanto no tecido conjuntivo (45%). A presença de exocitose mostrou relação com a maior expressão das ILs e a expressão de IL-17 foi maior no epitélio mostrando hiperqueratose. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que as características clínicas das lesões de LPO e de LLO são distintas e podem ser utilizadas para diferenciação entre as duas entidades. Os achados histológicos e imunohistoquímicos sugerem que as ILs estudadas mostram-se mais presentes quando há exocitose linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ e que sua expressão pode ter relação com as alterações epiteliais encontradas no LPO, participando da patogênese e da modulação da expressão da doença.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immunoinflammatory mucocutaneous condition of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Studies focusing on the presence of cytokines in OLP, especially interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17 and IL-18, are scarce, as well as the correlation of clinical and histological characteristics with the presence of inflammatory mediators. All lesions diagnosed as OLP and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) were reviewed from the files of the Oral Pathology laboratory, Dental School, Rio de Janeiro State University, and their clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Forty cases diagnosed as OLP were selected for additional immunohistochemical reactions directed against IL-6, IL-17 e IL-18. The total sample was composed by 221 cases and showed that OLP presented a predilection for adult females, mostly affected by lesions with the reticular pattern and located in the buccal mucosa. The 40 cases selected for the immunohistochemical reactions included patients with a mean age of 53 years, with no gender predilection, and with lesions located mostly in the buccal mucosa (85%), gingiva/alveolar mucosa (47%) and tongue (42%). The clinical pattern showed reticular lesions in 14 patients (35%) and reticular and atrophic/erosive lesions in 26 patients (65%). Symptoms were reported by 53% of the patients and included mostly burning sensation and local discomfort. Histological analysis showed that the epithelial thickness was normal, atrophic, or hyperplastic in, respectively, 17 (43%), 9 (22%) and 14 (35%) cases. The presence of hyperkeratosis was observed in 21 cases (53%), and exocytosis of T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes was present in, respectively, 17 (42%) and 30 (75%) cases. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that, in general, IL-6 was the most expressed IL both in epithelium and connective tissue. IL-17 expression was considered intense in the connective tissue from 40% of the cases. IL-18 expression was considered mostly mild/moderate both in epithelium (40% of the cases) and connective tissue (45% of the cases). The presence of exocytosis was associated with a higher expression of the ILs and expression of IL-17 was higher in epithelium showing hyperkeratosis. The results from the present study showed that the clinical characteristics of OLP and OLL are distinct and can be useful in differentiating these two diagnostic entities. The histological and immunohistochemical features suggest that the studied ILs are more expressed when there is exocytosis of both T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes. Expression of the ILs can be associated with the epithelial alterations encountered in OLP, participating in the pathogenesis and modulating the expression of the disease.

Intrasocket interventions to prevent alveolar osteitis after mandibular third molar surgery: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis was carried out to assess the efficacy of different intrasocket interventions immediately after mandibular third molar surgery to prevent alveolar osteitis (AO). An electronic search was undertaken using EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, and grey literature. We reviewed studies published up to September 2019 and included 37 randomized controlled trials (6175 mandibular third molar surgeries in 4716 patients). The pairwise meta-analysis showed that the incidence of AO decreased significantly when an intrasocket intervention was performed (risk ratio 0.39 [0.30, 0.52]; p < 0.0001). Platelet-rich fibrin (odds ratio 0.28; 95% CI [0.10, 0.71]), chlorhexidine gel 0.2% (0.52 [0.32, 0.95]), eugenol paste (0.06 [0.00, 0.77]), recombinant bovine growth factor (0.07 [0.00, 0.97]), colloidal silver gelatin sponge (0.05 [0.00, 0.74]), and acellular dermal matrix (0.04 [0.00, 0.74]) were significantly more effective than the placebo. Platelet-rich fibrin and chlorhexidine 0.2% gel had a large number of included studies and patients per comparison. Overall, there was moderate evidence to support the use of platelet-rich fibrin or chlorhexidine 0.2% gel in the socket for the prevention of AO after mandibular third molar surgery.

Geographic stomatitis: An enigmatic condition with multiple clinical presentations.

Geographic stomatitis is an uncommon inflammatory condition of unknown etiology. It is characterized by reddish areas surrounded by white borders affecting any location in the oral cavity and presenting a migratory and cyclic pattern. The most common affected sites include buccal mucosa, labial mucosa and mucobuccal fold. Some patients can complain of pain or burning sensation. There are few reports in the literature about this entity and its relationship with other oral and cutaneous conditions such as fissured tongue, Reiter's syndrome, atopy and psoriasis has been suggested but it is still controversial. In the present study we describe three cases of geographic stomatitis associated with fissured tongue. Lesions involved the buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate and mucobuccal fold and all cases were diagnosed based on their clinical features. All patients were oriented about the innocuous behavior of the condition and were advised to avoid exposure of the lesions to irritation factors. The three presented cases highlighted the importance of a detailed oral mucosal examination by clinicians and provided further information about the natural history and clinical presentation of geographic stomatitis. Key words:Geographic stomatitis, geographic mucositis, geographic tongue.

New methodology for evaluating osteoclastic activity induced by orthodontic load.

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a dynamic process of bone modeling involving osteoclast-driven resorption on the compression side. Consequently, to estimate the influence of various situations on tooth movement, experimental studies need to analyze this cell. Objectives The aim of this study was to test and validate a new method for evaluating osteoclastic activity stimulated by mechanical loading based on the fractal analysis of the periodontal ligament (PDL)-bone interface. Material and Methods The mandibular right first molars of 14 rabbits were tipped mesially by a coil spring exerting a constant force of 85 cN. To evaluate the actual influence of osteoclasts on fractal dimension of bone surface, alendronate (3 mg/Kg) was injected weekly in seven of those rabbits. After 21 days, the animals were killed and their jaws were processed for histological evaluation. Osteoclast counts and fractal analysis (by the box counting method) of the PDL-bone interface were performed in histological sections of the right and left sides of the mandible. Results An increase in the number of osteoclasts and in fractal dimension after OTM only happened when alendronate was not administered. Strong correlation was found between the number of osteoclasts and fractal dimension. Conclusions Our results suggest that osteoclastic activity leads to an increase in bone surface irregularity, which can be quantified by its fractal dimension. This makes fractal analysis by the box counting method a potential tool for the assessment of osteoclastic activity on bone surfaces in microscopic examination.

New methodology for evaluating osteoclastic activity induced by orthodontic load

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a dynamic process of bone modeling involving osteoclast-driven resorption on the compression side. Consequently, to estimate the influence of various situations on tooth movement, experimental studies need to analyze this cell. Objectives The aim of this study was to test and validate a new method for evaluating osteoclastic activity stimulated by mechanical loading based on the fractal analysis of the periodontal ligament (PDL)-bone interface. Material and Methods The mandibular right first molars of 14 rabbits were tipped mesially by a coil spring exerting a constant force of 85 cN. To evaluate the actual influence of osteoclasts on fractal dimension of bone surface, alendronate (3 mg/Kg) was injected weekly in seven of those rabbits. After 21 days, the animals were killed and their jaws were processed for histological evaluation. Osteoclast counts and fractal analysis (by the box counting method) of the PDL-bone interface were performed in histological sections of the right and left sides of the mandible. Results An increase in the number of osteoclasts and in fractal dimension after OTM only happened when alendronate was not administered. Strong correlation was found between the number of osteoclasts and fractal dimension. Conclusions Our results suggest that osteoclastic activity leads to an increase in bone surface irregularity, which can be quantified by its fractal dimension. This makes fractal analysis by the box counting method a potential tool for the assessment of osteoclastic activity on bone surfaces in microscopic examination. .

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy as an auxiliary diagnostic tool on intraoral minor salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is useful in diagnosis of major salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), but it has been rarely reported on minor salivary gland ACC. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the utility of FNAB on diagnosis of ACC involving minor salivary glands. STUDY DESIGN: Three patients presenting ACC involving the palate (2 cases) and buccal mucosa (1 case), with a mean age of 36 years and 2:1 female-to-male ratio, were included in the study. All of the patients were submitted to FNAB for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS: All smears were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Papanicolaou, and Diff-Quik and showed the presence of small polyhedral cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and extracellular basophilic globular amorphous substance, compatible with ACC. Diagnosis of the 3 cases was subsequently confirmed through histopathology. CONCLUSION: The FNAB was easy to perform and cost-effective, and proved to be an useful adjunctive tool in diagnosis of intraoral ACC.